Para além do 30%: rumo a uma medição multidimensional da acessibilidade do aluguel em Santiago

Autores

Resumo

Os debates internacionais sobre a acessibilidade do aluguel destacam cada vez mais a necessidade de métricas multidimensionais que capturem as dimensões econômicas e espaciais do problema. Este artigo contribui para essa discussão examinando a acessibilidade do aluguel em Santiago usando três perspectivas: a abordagem do rácio, o método de renda restante e o custo combinado de moradia e transporte, e avaliando sua correspondência com o subsídio de aluguel vigente no Chile (Decreto Supremo 52). O estudo utiliza microdados da Pesquisa de Caracterização Socioeconômica (CASEN 2022) e registros administrativos para estimar os problemas de acessibilidade na Região Metropolitana de Santiago e caracterizar os domicílios afetados. Os resultados mostram variações claras segundo a perspectiva: a abordagem do rácio identifica 43% dos domicílios locatários com problemas; a abordagem de renda restante identifica um grupo menor, porém mais crítico; e a medição do custo combinado identifica aproximadamente um terço dos domicílios. Ao contrário do observado em cidades do Norte Global, a incorporação dos custos de transporte não aumenta significativamente a prevalência de problemas de acessibilidade, o que sugere que a configuração urbana e institucional de Santiago atenua o impacto das despesas de transporte nos locatários. Ao comparar esses resultados com a atribuição do subsídio, identifica-se uma importante lacuna na cobertura: embora mais de 370.000 domicílios locatários dos primeiros sete decis apresentem problemas de acessibilidade, a atribuição anual do subsídio atinge apenas 1% a 2% deles. Além disso, observam-se desajustes na focalização, com sobrerrepresentação de certos grupos e subatenção a outros. Essas descobertas reforçam os limites dos subsídios direcionados em contextos de alta pressão de preços e destacam a necessidade de métricas multidimensionais e estratégias que combinem apoio à demanda com intervenções regulatórias e de oferta.

Palavras-chave:

acessibilidade , abordagem do rácio , renda mínima restante , custo combinado de moradia e transporte

Biografia do Autor

Marioly Torres, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile

Magíster en Desarrollo Urbano, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile

Luis Fuentes, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile

Doctor en Arquitectura y Estudios Urbanos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile.
Académico Instituto de Estudios Urbanos y Territoriales e investigador Centro de Desarrollo Urbano Sustentable CEDEUS Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile.

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