Social mix and urban integration: theoretical approaches and discussion of the Chilean case
Authors
-
Javier Ruiz-Tagle
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9803-9215
-
Scarlet Romano
Hochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0279-5498
Abstract
Social mix, in general terms, denotes the social diversity of a certain geographic area, being this economic, racial, ethnic, cultural, etc. Social mix is an old and persistent ideal of planning (marked by normative pretensions), has been achieved through different means, has been proposed to reach a wide variety of goals, and has been used interchangeably to refer to concepts like 'integration', 'mixed-income communities', 'poverty deconcentration', 'balanced communities', etc. There has been abundant literature from the 1990s, to the extent that it is one of the most researched topics in urban studies. At present, the discussion on social mix revolves around five key concepts: contact hypothesis, social networks, social control, role models, and geographies of opportunity. In Chile, from 2006 there have been social mix policies, with the expectation that physical proximity between different social groups could facilitate integration. In this article we review the concept of social mix from a historical and comparative perspective, and then we study Chilean policies under the five mentioned concepts, showing the low efficacy that these projects have had in meeting the proposed goals.References
Referencias bibliográficas
Allport, G. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Books.
Arthurson, K. (2002). Creating inclusive communities through balancing social mix: A critical relationship or tenuous link? Urban Policy and Research, 20(3), 245-261. https://doi.org/10.1080/0811114022000005898
Arthurson, K. (2010). Operationalising social mix: Spatial scale, lifestyle and stigma as mediating points in resident interaction. Urban Policy & Research, 28(1), 49-63. https://doi.org/10.1080/08111140903552696
Arthurson, K. (2012a). Social mix and the city: Challenging the mixed communities consensus in housing and urban planning policies. Collingwood, Australia: CSIRO Publishing.
Arthurson, K. (2012b). Social Mix, reputation and stigma: Exploring residents’ perspectives of neighbourhood effects. En M. van Ham, D. Manley, N. Bailey, L. Simpson, y D. Maclennan (Eds.), Neighbourhood effects research: New perspectives (pp. 101-120). New York, NY: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2309-2_5
Arthurson, K. (2013). Mixed tenure communities and the effects on neighbourhood reputation and stigma: Residents’ experiences from within. Cities, 35, 432–438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2013.03.007
Atkinson, R. y Kintrea, K. (2000). Owner-occupation, social mix and neighbourhood impacts. Policy & Politics, 28(1), 93-108. https://doi.org/10.1332/0305573002500857
August, M. (2008). Social mix and Canadian public housing redevelopment: Experiences in Toronto. Canadian Journal of Urban Research, 17(1), 82-100.
August, M. (2014). Challenging the rhetoric of stigmatization: The benefits of concentrated poverty in Toronto's Regent Park. Environment and Planning A, 46(6), 1317-1333. https://doi.org/10.1068/a45635
Bacqué, M. h., Fijalkow, Y., Launay, L., y Vermeersch, S. (2011). Social mix policies in Paris: Discourses, policies and social effects. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 35(2), 256-273. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2010.00995.x
Bolt, G. (2009). Combating residential segregation of ethnic minorities in European cities. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 24(4), 397-405. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10901-009-9164-y
Bolt, G., Özüekren, A. S., y Phillips, D. (2010). Linking integration and residential segregation. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 36(2), 169-186. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691830903387238.
Bolt, G., Phillips, D., y Van Kempen, R. (2010). Housing policy, (de)segregation and social mixing: An international perspective. Housing Studies, 25(2), 129-135. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673030903564838
Bolt, G. y van Kempen, R. (2013). Introduction special issue: Mixing neighbourhoods: success or failure? Cities, 35, 391-396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2013.04.006
Borsdorf, A. e Hidalgo, R. (2008). New dimensions of social exclusion in Latin America: From gated communities to gated cities, the case of Santiago de Chile. Land Use Policy, 25(2), 153-160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2007.04.001
Bridge, G., Butler, T., y Le Galès, P. (2014). Power relations and social mix in metropolitan neighbourhoods in North America and Europe: Moving beyond gentrification? International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 38(4), 1133-1141. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12125
Budds, J. y Teixeira, P. (2005). Ensuring the right to the city: pro-poor housing, urban development and tenure legalization in São Paulo, Brazil. Environment & Urbanization, 17(1), 89-113. https://doi.org/10.1177/095624780501700105
Calavita, N. y Grimes, K. (1998). Inclusionary housing in California: The experience of two decades. Journal of the American Planning Association, 64(2), 150-169. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944369808975973
Caldeira, T. (2000). City of walls: Crime, segregation, and citizenship in São Paulo. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Cashin, S. (2004). The failures of integration: How race and class are undermining the American dream. New York, NY: Public Affairs.
Chaskin, R. y Joseph, M. (2010). Building “community” in mixed-income developments assumptions, approaches, and early experiences. Urban Affairs Review, 45(3), 299-335. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078087409341544
Chaskin, R., Khare, A., y Joseph, M. (2012). Participation, deliberation, and decision making the dynamics of inclusion and exclusion in mixed-income developments. Urban Affairs Review, 48(6), 863-906. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078087412450151
Cheshire, P. (2007). Segregated neighbourhoods and mixed communities: A critical analysis. Joseph Rowntree Foundation.
Ciclo de reuniones: Políticas de suelo para la integración social. (2006). Recuperado de http://politicaspublicas.uc.cl/publicacion/documentos-consejo-directivo-prourbana/i-ciclo-politicas-de-suelo-para-la-integracion-social/
Cisneros, H. (2009). A new moment for people and cities. En H. Cisneros y L. Engdahl (Eds.), From despair to Hope: HOPE VI and the new promise of public housing in America’s cities (pp. 3-14). Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution.
Deluca, S. y Rosenbaum, J. (2010). Residential mobility, neighborhoods and poverty: Results from the Chicago Gautreaux program and the Moving to Opportunity experiment. En C. Hartman y G. Squires (Eds.), The integration debate: Competing futures for American cities (pp. 185-198). New York, NY: Routledge.
Dixon, J. (2001). Contact and boundaries: Locating the social psychology of intergroup relations. Theory & Psychology, 11(5), 587-608. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959354301115001
Dohnke, J., Heinrichs, D., Kabisch, S., Krellenberg, K., y Welz, J. (2015). Achieving a socio-spatial mix? Prospects and limitations of social housing policy in Santiago de Chile. Housing Studies, 30(6), 839-857. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673037.2014.982516
Ducci, M. E. (1997). Chile: El lado obscuro de una política de vivienda exitosa. EURE, 23(69), 99-115. Recuperado de http://www.eure.cl/index.php/eure/article/view/1164
Ellen, I. G. (2000). Sharing America's neighborhoods. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Fernández, V., Zamorano, H., y Larenas, J. (2017). Informe final de evaluación. Evaluación Programas gubernamentales (EPG). Programa Subsidio Habitacional Extraordinario Para Proyectos De Integración Social, DS N° 116. Santiago, Chile: Gobierno de Chile, Direccion de Presupuestos. Recuperado de http://www.dipres.gob.cl/597/articles-163124_informe_final.pdf
Fraser, J. y Kick, E. (2007). The role of public, private, non-profit and community sectors in shaping mixed-income housing outcomes in the US. Urban Studies, 44(12), 2357-2377. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980701540952
Fraser, J., Oakley, D., y Levy, D. (2013). Guest editors’ introduction: Policy assumptions and lived realities of mixedincome housing on both sides of the Atlantic. Cityscape: A Journal of Policy Development and Research, 15(2), 1-14. Recuperado de https://www.huduser.gov/portal/periodicals/cityscpe/vol15num2/guest.html
Galster, G. (2013). Neighborhood social mix: Theory, Evidence, and implications for policy and planning. En N. Carmon y S. Fainstein (Eds.), Policy, planning and people: Promoting justice in urban development (pp. 307-336). Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. https://doi.org/10.9783/9780812207965.307
Galster, G., Andersson, R., y Musterd, S. (2010). Who is affected by neighbourhood income mix? Gender, age, family, employment and income differences. Urban Studies, 47(14), 2915-2944. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098009360233
Galster, G., Andersson, R., Musterd, S., y Kauppinen, T. (2008). Does neighborhood income mix affect earnings of adults? New evidence from Sweden. Journal of Urban Economics, 63(3), 858-870. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2007.07.002
Galster, G.y Killen, S. (1995). The geography of metropolitan opportunity: A reconnaissance and conceptual framework. Housing Policy Debate, 6(1), 7-43. https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.1995.9521180
Giménez, P. y Ugarte, J.R. (Eds.). (2014). Hacia una nueva política urbana para Chile. Política nacional de desarrollo urbano: ciudades sustentables y calidad de vida. Santiago, Chile: PNUD, MINVU).
Goetz, E. (2013). The Audacity of HOPE VI: Discourse and the dismantling of public housing. Cities, 35, 342–348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2012.07.008
Greenbaum, S. (2008). Report from the field: Social capital and deconcentration: Theoretical and policy paradoxes of the HOPE VI Program. North American Dialogue, 5(1), 9-13. https://doi.org/10.1525/nad.2002.5.1.9
Greenbie, B. (1976). Design for diversity: Planning for natural man in the neo-technic environment: An ethological approach. New York, NY: Elsevier.
Hananel, R. (2014). Can centralization, decentralization and welfare go together? The case of Massachusetts Affordable Housing Policy (Ch. 40B). Urban Studies, 51(12), 2487-2502. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098013512877
Hidalgo, R. (2004). La vivienda social en Santiago de Chile en la segunda mitad del siglo XX: Actores relevantes y tendencias espaciales. En C.d. Mattos, M.E. Ducci, A. Rodríguez, y G. Yañez (Eds.), Santiago en la globalización: ¿una nueva ciudad? (pp. 219-241). Santiago, Chile: Sur, Eure Libros.
Howell?Moroney, M. (2005). The geography of opportunity and unemployment: An integrated model of residential segregation and spatial mismatch. Journal of Urban Affairs, 27(4), 353-377. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0735-2166.2005.00241.x
Imbroscio, D. (2008). “[U]nited and actuated by some common impulse of passion”: Challenging the dispersal consensus in American housing policy research. Journal of Urban Affairs, 30(2), 111-130. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9906.2008.00381.x
Joseph, M. (2006). Is mixed?income development an antidote to urban poverty? Housing Policy Debate, 17(2), 209-234. https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2006.9521567
Joseph, M. (2008). Early resident experiences at a new mixed?income development in Chicago. Journal of Urban Affairs, 30(3), 229-257. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9906.2008.00394.x
Joseph, M. y Chaskin, R. (2010). Living in a mixed-income development: Resident perceptions of the benefits and disadvantages of two developments in Chicago. Urban Studies, 47(11), 2347-2366. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098009357959
Kleinhans, R. (2004). Social implications of housing diversification in urban renewal: A review of recent literature. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 19(4), 367-390. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10901-004-3041-5
Kleit, R. (2005). HOPE VI new communities: Neighborhood relationships in mixed-income housing. Environment and Planning A, 37(8), 1413-1441. https://doi.org/10.1068/a3796
Lemanski, C. (2006). Desegregation and integration as linked or distinct? Evidence from a previously ‘White’ suburb in post?apartheid Cape Town. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 30(3), 564-586. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2006.00676.x
Lobo, B. (2015). Planning for urban renewal: Public/private initiatives in Bogota, Colombia, 2000–2014. Journal of Urban Regeneration & Renewal, 8(3), 245-259.
Marcuse, P. (1997). The enclave, the citadel, and the ghetto. What has changed in the Post-Fordist US city. Urban Affairs Review, 33(2), 228-264. https://doi.org/10.1177/107808749703300206
Maturana, B. y Horne, R. (2016). Towards socially integrated housing in Chile: Assessing conviviality through two key housing projects. Open House International, 41(2), 6-14.
Maturana, B. y Romano, S. (2015). Housing for social integration: Beyond physical proximity. Presentado en 31th International Conference PLEA 2015 Architecture in (R)Evolution, Bologna, Italy.
Maturana, B., Vergara, L., y Romano, S. (2016). Vivienda pública de mixtura social en la ciudad neoliberal: Dinámicas de integración social en Villa Las Araucarias, La Serena, Chile. Presentado en Congreso Internacional Contested Cities, Madrid, España.
Ministerio de Vivienda y Urbanismo. (2009). Déficit urbano-habitacional: una mirada integral a la calidad de vida y el hábitat residencial en Chile. Santiago, Chile: Ministerio de Vivienda y Urbanismo.
Ministerio de Vivienda y Urbanismo. (2010). Cuenta pública 2006-2010. Santiago, Chile. Recuperado de http://www.minvu.cl/opensite_20091015151630.aspx
Muñoz, D. y Korthals, W. (2007). Lessons from Valencia: Separating infrastructure provision from land ownership. The Town Planning Review, 78(1), 61-79. https://doi.org/10.3828/tpr.78.1.5
Musterd, S. y Andersson, R. (2005). Housing mix, social mix, and social opportunities. Urban Affairs Review, 40(6), 761-790. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078087405276006
Nyden, P., Maly, M., y Lukehart, J. (1997). The emergence of stable racially and ethnically diverse urban communities: A case study of nine US cities. Housing Policy Debate, 8(2), 491-534. https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.1997.9521262
Primer informe. Estudio de casos de proyectos de integración social. Licitación ID 587-45-LE16. (2016). Santiago, Chile: Centro UC Políticas Públicas. Recuperado de https://politicaspublicas.uc.cl/wp-content//uploads/2018/03/20161215-Informe-1_minvu_final.pdf
Rodríguez, A., Rodríguez, P., y Sugranyes, A. (2015). Con subsidio, sin derecho. La situación del derecho a una vivienda adecuada en Chile. Santiago, Chile: SUR.
Rosenbaum, J., Stroh, L., y Flynn, C. (1998). Lake Parc Place: A study of mixed?income housing. Housing Policy Debate, 9(4), 703-740. https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.1998.9521314
Ruiz-Tagle, J. (2013). A theory of socio?spatial integration: Problems, policies and concepts from a US perspective. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 37(2), 388-408. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2012.01180.x
Ruiz-Tagle, J. (2016a). La persistencia de la segregación y la desigualdad en barrios socialmente diversos: un caso de estudio en la Florida, Santiago. EURE, 42(125), 81-108. https://doi.org/10.4067/s0250-71612016000100004
Ruiz-Tagle, J. (2016b). The broken promises of social mix: The case of the Cabrini Green - Near North area in Chicago. Urban Geography, 37(3), 352-372. https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2015.1060697
Ruming, K., Mee, K., y McGuirk, P. (2004). Questioning the rhetoric of social mix: Courteous community of hidden hostility. Australian Geographical Studies, 42(2), 234–248. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8470.2004.00275.x
Sabatini, F., Cáceres, G., y Cerda, J. (2001). Segregación residencial en las principales ciudades chilenas: Tendencias de las tres últimas décadas y posibles cursos de acción. EURE, 27(82), 21-42. https://doi.org/10.4067/s0250-71612001008200002
Sabatini, F., Edwards, G., Cubillos, G., Brain, I., Mora, P., y Rasse, A. (2010). Dispersión espacial de vivienda económica como vía de integración social urbana. En Camino al Bicentenario: propuestas para Chile. Concurso políticas públicas (pp. 247-273). Santiago, Chile: Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile.
Sabatini, F., Mora, P., Polanco, I., y Brain, I. (2014). Conciliando integración social y negocio inmobiliario: Seguimiento de proyectos de integración social (PIS) desarrollados por inmobiliarias e implicancias de política. En M. Smolka y F. Furtado (Eds.), Instrumentos notables de políticas de suelo en América Latina (pp. 61-67). Quito, Ecuador: Lincoln Institute of Land Policy.
Salcedo, R. y Torres, A. (2004). Gated communities in Santiago: Wall or frontier? International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 28(1), 27-44. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0309-1317.2004.00501.x
Sarkissian, W. (1976). The idea of social mix in town planning: An historical review. Urban Studies, 13(3), 231-246. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420987620080521
Sarkissian, W., Forsyth, A., y Heine, W. (1990). Residential “social mix”: The debate continues. Australian Planner, 28(1), 5-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/07293682.1990.9657439
Siclari, P. (2009). Instrumentos de integración social en la nueva Política Habitacional y Urbana de Chile. Centro-h, Revista de la Organización Latinoamericana y del Caribe de Centros Históricos, 3(1), 63-75. Recuperado de https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/1151/115112536006.pdf
Silver, H. (2013). Mixing policies: Expectations and achievements. Cityscape: A Journal of Policy Development and Research, 15(2), 73-82. Recuperado de https://www.huduser.gov/portal/periodicals/cityscpe/vol15num2/article5.html
Smeets, P. y Salman, T. (2008). Countering urban segregation: Theoretical and policy innovations from around the globe. Urban Studies, 45(7), 1307-1332. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098008090676
Smith, J. (2006). Mixed-income communities: Designing out poverty or pushing out the poor? En L. Bennett, J. Smith, y P. Wright (Eds.), Where are poor people to live (pp. 259-281). Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.
Smith, J. (2010). Integration: Solving the wrong problem. En C. Hartman y G. Squires (Eds.), The integration debate: Competing futures for American cities (pp. 229-245). New York, NY: Routledge.
Smith, R. (1998). Discovering stable racial integration. Journal of Urban Affairs, 20(1), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9906.1998.tb00407.x
Sugranyes, A. (2005). La política habitacional en Chile, 1980-2000: Un éxito liberal para dar techo a los pobres. En A. Rodríguez y A. Sugranyes (Eds.), Los con techo: Un desafío para la política de vivienda social (pp. 23-57). Santiago, Chile: Ediciones SUR.
Svampa, M. (2001). Los que ganaron. La vida en los countries y en los barrios privados. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Editorial Biblos.
Tach, L. (2009). More than bricks and mortar: Neighborhood frames, social processes, and the mixed?income redevelopment of a public housing project. City & Community, 8(3), 269-299. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6040.2009.01289.x
Talen, E. (2008). Design for diversity: Exploring socially mixed neighborhoods. Burlington, MA: Elsevier.
Uitermark, J. (2014). Integration and control: The governing of urban marginality in Western Europe. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 38(4), 1418–1436. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12069
Van Ham, M. y Manley, D. (2010). The effect of neighbourhood housing tenure mix on labour market outcomes: A longitudinal investigation of neighbourhood effects. Journal of Economic Geography, 10(2), 257-282. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbp017
Vischer, J. (1986a). Social mix and environmental design: Exploration of a contemporary concept. Journal of Architectural and Planning Research, 3(4), 315-326. Recuperado de https://www.jstor.org/stable/43028820
Vischer, J. (1986b). The complexity of designing for social mix: An evaluation of site-planning principles. Journal of Architectural and Planning Research, 3(1), 15-32. Recuperado de https://www.jstor.org/stable/43028785
Wacquant, L. (1997). Three pernicious premises in the study of the American ghetto. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 21(2), 341-353. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.00076
Wirth, L. (1927). The ghetto. American Journal of Sociology, 33(1), 57-71. https://doi.org/10.1086/214333
Allport, G. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Books.
Arthurson, K. (2002). Creating inclusive communities through balancing social mix: A critical relationship or tenuous link? Urban Policy and Research, 20(3), 245-261. https://doi.org/10.1080/0811114022000005898
Arthurson, K. (2010). Operationalising social mix: Spatial scale, lifestyle and stigma as mediating points in resident interaction. Urban Policy & Research, 28(1), 49-63. https://doi.org/10.1080/08111140903552696
Arthurson, K. (2012a). Social mix and the city: Challenging the mixed communities consensus in housing and urban planning policies. Collingwood, Australia: CSIRO Publishing.
Arthurson, K. (2012b). Social Mix, reputation and stigma: Exploring residents’ perspectives of neighbourhood effects. En M. van Ham, D. Manley, N. Bailey, L. Simpson, y D. Maclennan (Eds.), Neighbourhood effects research: New perspectives (pp. 101-120). New York, NY: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2309-2_5
Arthurson, K. (2013). Mixed tenure communities and the effects on neighbourhood reputation and stigma: Residents’ experiences from within. Cities, 35, 432–438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2013.03.007
Atkinson, R. y Kintrea, K. (2000). Owner-occupation, social mix and neighbourhood impacts. Policy & Politics, 28(1), 93-108. https://doi.org/10.1332/0305573002500857
August, M. (2008). Social mix and Canadian public housing redevelopment: Experiences in Toronto. Canadian Journal of Urban Research, 17(1), 82-100.
August, M. (2014). Challenging the rhetoric of stigmatization: The benefits of concentrated poverty in Toronto's Regent Park. Environment and Planning A, 46(6), 1317-1333. https://doi.org/10.1068/a45635
Bacqué, M. h., Fijalkow, Y., Launay, L., y Vermeersch, S. (2011). Social mix policies in Paris: Discourses, policies and social effects. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 35(2), 256-273. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2010.00995.x
Bolt, G. (2009). Combating residential segregation of ethnic minorities in European cities. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 24(4), 397-405. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10901-009-9164-y
Bolt, G., Özüekren, A. S., y Phillips, D. (2010). Linking integration and residential segregation. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 36(2), 169-186. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691830903387238.
Bolt, G., Phillips, D., y Van Kempen, R. (2010). Housing policy, (de)segregation and social mixing: An international perspective. Housing Studies, 25(2), 129-135. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673030903564838
Bolt, G. y van Kempen, R. (2013). Introduction special issue: Mixing neighbourhoods: success or failure? Cities, 35, 391-396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2013.04.006
Borsdorf, A. e Hidalgo, R. (2008). New dimensions of social exclusion in Latin America: From gated communities to gated cities, the case of Santiago de Chile. Land Use Policy, 25(2), 153-160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2007.04.001
Bridge, G., Butler, T., y Le Galès, P. (2014). Power relations and social mix in metropolitan neighbourhoods in North America and Europe: Moving beyond gentrification? International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 38(4), 1133-1141. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12125
Budds, J. y Teixeira, P. (2005). Ensuring the right to the city: pro-poor housing, urban development and tenure legalization in São Paulo, Brazil. Environment & Urbanization, 17(1), 89-113. https://doi.org/10.1177/095624780501700105
Calavita, N. y Grimes, K. (1998). Inclusionary housing in California: The experience of two decades. Journal of the American Planning Association, 64(2), 150-169. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944369808975973
Caldeira, T. (2000). City of walls: Crime, segregation, and citizenship in São Paulo. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Cashin, S. (2004). The failures of integration: How race and class are undermining the American dream. New York, NY: Public Affairs.
Chaskin, R. y Joseph, M. (2010). Building “community” in mixed-income developments assumptions, approaches, and early experiences. Urban Affairs Review, 45(3), 299-335. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078087409341544
Chaskin, R., Khare, A., y Joseph, M. (2012). Participation, deliberation, and decision making the dynamics of inclusion and exclusion in mixed-income developments. Urban Affairs Review, 48(6), 863-906. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078087412450151
Cheshire, P. (2007). Segregated neighbourhoods and mixed communities: A critical analysis. Joseph Rowntree Foundation.
Ciclo de reuniones: Políticas de suelo para la integración social. (2006). Recuperado de http://politicaspublicas.uc.cl/publicacion/documentos-consejo-directivo-prourbana/i-ciclo-politicas-de-suelo-para-la-integracion-social/
Cisneros, H. (2009). A new moment for people and cities. En H. Cisneros y L. Engdahl (Eds.), From despair to Hope: HOPE VI and the new promise of public housing in America’s cities (pp. 3-14). Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution.
Deluca, S. y Rosenbaum, J. (2010). Residential mobility, neighborhoods and poverty: Results from the Chicago Gautreaux program and the Moving to Opportunity experiment. En C. Hartman y G. Squires (Eds.), The integration debate: Competing futures for American cities (pp. 185-198). New York, NY: Routledge.
Dixon, J. (2001). Contact and boundaries: Locating the social psychology of intergroup relations. Theory & Psychology, 11(5), 587-608. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959354301115001
Dohnke, J., Heinrichs, D., Kabisch, S., Krellenberg, K., y Welz, J. (2015). Achieving a socio-spatial mix? Prospects and limitations of social housing policy in Santiago de Chile. Housing Studies, 30(6), 839-857. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673037.2014.982516
Ducci, M. E. (1997). Chile: El lado obscuro de una política de vivienda exitosa. EURE, 23(69), 99-115. Recuperado de http://www.eure.cl/index.php/eure/article/view/1164
Ellen, I. G. (2000). Sharing America's neighborhoods. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Fernández, V., Zamorano, H., y Larenas, J. (2017). Informe final de evaluación. Evaluación Programas gubernamentales (EPG). Programa Subsidio Habitacional Extraordinario Para Proyectos De Integración Social, DS N° 116. Santiago, Chile: Gobierno de Chile, Direccion de Presupuestos. Recuperado de http://www.dipres.gob.cl/597/articles-163124_informe_final.pdf
Fraser, J. y Kick, E. (2007). The role of public, private, non-profit and community sectors in shaping mixed-income housing outcomes in the US. Urban Studies, 44(12), 2357-2377. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980701540952
Fraser, J., Oakley, D., y Levy, D. (2013). Guest editors’ introduction: Policy assumptions and lived realities of mixedincome housing on both sides of the Atlantic. Cityscape: A Journal of Policy Development and Research, 15(2), 1-14. Recuperado de https://www.huduser.gov/portal/periodicals/cityscpe/vol15num2/guest.html
Galster, G. (2013). Neighborhood social mix: Theory, Evidence, and implications for policy and planning. En N. Carmon y S. Fainstein (Eds.), Policy, planning and people: Promoting justice in urban development (pp. 307-336). Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. https://doi.org/10.9783/9780812207965.307
Galster, G., Andersson, R., y Musterd, S. (2010). Who is affected by neighbourhood income mix? Gender, age, family, employment and income differences. Urban Studies, 47(14), 2915-2944. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098009360233
Galster, G., Andersson, R., Musterd, S., y Kauppinen, T. (2008). Does neighborhood income mix affect earnings of adults? New evidence from Sweden. Journal of Urban Economics, 63(3), 858-870. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2007.07.002
Galster, G.y Killen, S. (1995). The geography of metropolitan opportunity: A reconnaissance and conceptual framework. Housing Policy Debate, 6(1), 7-43. https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.1995.9521180
Giménez, P. y Ugarte, J.R. (Eds.). (2014). Hacia una nueva política urbana para Chile. Política nacional de desarrollo urbano: ciudades sustentables y calidad de vida. Santiago, Chile: PNUD, MINVU).
Goetz, E. (2013). The Audacity of HOPE VI: Discourse and the dismantling of public housing. Cities, 35, 342–348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2012.07.008
Greenbaum, S. (2008). Report from the field: Social capital and deconcentration: Theoretical and policy paradoxes of the HOPE VI Program. North American Dialogue, 5(1), 9-13. https://doi.org/10.1525/nad.2002.5.1.9
Greenbie, B. (1976). Design for diversity: Planning for natural man in the neo-technic environment: An ethological approach. New York, NY: Elsevier.
Hananel, R. (2014). Can centralization, decentralization and welfare go together? The case of Massachusetts Affordable Housing Policy (Ch. 40B). Urban Studies, 51(12), 2487-2502. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098013512877
Hidalgo, R. (2004). La vivienda social en Santiago de Chile en la segunda mitad del siglo XX: Actores relevantes y tendencias espaciales. En C.d. Mattos, M.E. Ducci, A. Rodríguez, y G. Yañez (Eds.), Santiago en la globalización: ¿una nueva ciudad? (pp. 219-241). Santiago, Chile: Sur, Eure Libros.
Howell?Moroney, M. (2005). The geography of opportunity and unemployment: An integrated model of residential segregation and spatial mismatch. Journal of Urban Affairs, 27(4), 353-377. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0735-2166.2005.00241.x
Imbroscio, D. (2008). “[U]nited and actuated by some common impulse of passion”: Challenging the dispersal consensus in American housing policy research. Journal of Urban Affairs, 30(2), 111-130. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9906.2008.00381.x
Joseph, M. (2006). Is mixed?income development an antidote to urban poverty? Housing Policy Debate, 17(2), 209-234. https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2006.9521567
Joseph, M. (2008). Early resident experiences at a new mixed?income development in Chicago. Journal of Urban Affairs, 30(3), 229-257. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9906.2008.00394.x
Joseph, M. y Chaskin, R. (2010). Living in a mixed-income development: Resident perceptions of the benefits and disadvantages of two developments in Chicago. Urban Studies, 47(11), 2347-2366. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098009357959
Kleinhans, R. (2004). Social implications of housing diversification in urban renewal: A review of recent literature. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 19(4), 367-390. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10901-004-3041-5
Kleit, R. (2005). HOPE VI new communities: Neighborhood relationships in mixed-income housing. Environment and Planning A, 37(8), 1413-1441. https://doi.org/10.1068/a3796
Lemanski, C. (2006). Desegregation and integration as linked or distinct? Evidence from a previously ‘White’ suburb in post?apartheid Cape Town. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 30(3), 564-586. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2006.00676.x
Lobo, B. (2015). Planning for urban renewal: Public/private initiatives in Bogota, Colombia, 2000–2014. Journal of Urban Regeneration & Renewal, 8(3), 245-259.
Marcuse, P. (1997). The enclave, the citadel, and the ghetto. What has changed in the Post-Fordist US city. Urban Affairs Review, 33(2), 228-264. https://doi.org/10.1177/107808749703300206
Maturana, B. y Horne, R. (2016). Towards socially integrated housing in Chile: Assessing conviviality through two key housing projects. Open House International, 41(2), 6-14.
Maturana, B. y Romano, S. (2015). Housing for social integration: Beyond physical proximity. Presentado en 31th International Conference PLEA 2015 Architecture in (R)Evolution, Bologna, Italy.
Maturana, B., Vergara, L., y Romano, S. (2016). Vivienda pública de mixtura social en la ciudad neoliberal: Dinámicas de integración social en Villa Las Araucarias, La Serena, Chile. Presentado en Congreso Internacional Contested Cities, Madrid, España.
Ministerio de Vivienda y Urbanismo. (2009). Déficit urbano-habitacional: una mirada integral a la calidad de vida y el hábitat residencial en Chile. Santiago, Chile: Ministerio de Vivienda y Urbanismo.
Ministerio de Vivienda y Urbanismo. (2010). Cuenta pública 2006-2010. Santiago, Chile. Recuperado de http://www.minvu.cl/opensite_20091015151630.aspx
Muñoz, D. y Korthals, W. (2007). Lessons from Valencia: Separating infrastructure provision from land ownership. The Town Planning Review, 78(1), 61-79. https://doi.org/10.3828/tpr.78.1.5
Musterd, S. y Andersson, R. (2005). Housing mix, social mix, and social opportunities. Urban Affairs Review, 40(6), 761-790. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078087405276006
Nyden, P., Maly, M., y Lukehart, J. (1997). The emergence of stable racially and ethnically diverse urban communities: A case study of nine US cities. Housing Policy Debate, 8(2), 491-534. https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.1997.9521262
Primer informe. Estudio de casos de proyectos de integración social. Licitación ID 587-45-LE16. (2016). Santiago, Chile: Centro UC Políticas Públicas. Recuperado de https://politicaspublicas.uc.cl/wp-content//uploads/2018/03/20161215-Informe-1_minvu_final.pdf
Rodríguez, A., Rodríguez, P., y Sugranyes, A. (2015). Con subsidio, sin derecho. La situación del derecho a una vivienda adecuada en Chile. Santiago, Chile: SUR.
Rosenbaum, J., Stroh, L., y Flynn, C. (1998). Lake Parc Place: A study of mixed?income housing. Housing Policy Debate, 9(4), 703-740. https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.1998.9521314
Ruiz-Tagle, J. (2013). A theory of socio?spatial integration: Problems, policies and concepts from a US perspective. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 37(2), 388-408. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2012.01180.x
Ruiz-Tagle, J. (2016a). La persistencia de la segregación y la desigualdad en barrios socialmente diversos: un caso de estudio en la Florida, Santiago. EURE, 42(125), 81-108. https://doi.org/10.4067/s0250-71612016000100004
Ruiz-Tagle, J. (2016b). The broken promises of social mix: The case of the Cabrini Green - Near North area in Chicago. Urban Geography, 37(3), 352-372. https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2015.1060697
Ruming, K., Mee, K., y McGuirk, P. (2004). Questioning the rhetoric of social mix: Courteous community of hidden hostility. Australian Geographical Studies, 42(2), 234–248. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8470.2004.00275.x
Sabatini, F., Cáceres, G., y Cerda, J. (2001). Segregación residencial en las principales ciudades chilenas: Tendencias de las tres últimas décadas y posibles cursos de acción. EURE, 27(82), 21-42. https://doi.org/10.4067/s0250-71612001008200002
Sabatini, F., Edwards, G., Cubillos, G., Brain, I., Mora, P., y Rasse, A. (2010). Dispersión espacial de vivienda económica como vía de integración social urbana. En Camino al Bicentenario: propuestas para Chile. Concurso políticas públicas (pp. 247-273). Santiago, Chile: Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile.
Sabatini, F., Mora, P., Polanco, I., y Brain, I. (2014). Conciliando integración social y negocio inmobiliario: Seguimiento de proyectos de integración social (PIS) desarrollados por inmobiliarias e implicancias de política. En M. Smolka y F. Furtado (Eds.), Instrumentos notables de políticas de suelo en América Latina (pp. 61-67). Quito, Ecuador: Lincoln Institute of Land Policy.
Salcedo, R. y Torres, A. (2004). Gated communities in Santiago: Wall or frontier? International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 28(1), 27-44. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0309-1317.2004.00501.x
Sarkissian, W. (1976). The idea of social mix in town planning: An historical review. Urban Studies, 13(3), 231-246. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420987620080521
Sarkissian, W., Forsyth, A., y Heine, W. (1990). Residential “social mix”: The debate continues. Australian Planner, 28(1), 5-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/07293682.1990.9657439
Siclari, P. (2009). Instrumentos de integración social en la nueva Política Habitacional y Urbana de Chile. Centro-h, Revista de la Organización Latinoamericana y del Caribe de Centros Históricos, 3(1), 63-75. Recuperado de https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/1151/115112536006.pdf
Silver, H. (2013). Mixing policies: Expectations and achievements. Cityscape: A Journal of Policy Development and Research, 15(2), 73-82. Recuperado de https://www.huduser.gov/portal/periodicals/cityscpe/vol15num2/article5.html
Smeets, P. y Salman, T. (2008). Countering urban segregation: Theoretical and policy innovations from around the globe. Urban Studies, 45(7), 1307-1332. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098008090676
Smith, J. (2006). Mixed-income communities: Designing out poverty or pushing out the poor? En L. Bennett, J. Smith, y P. Wright (Eds.), Where are poor people to live (pp. 259-281). Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.
Smith, J. (2010). Integration: Solving the wrong problem. En C. Hartman y G. Squires (Eds.), The integration debate: Competing futures for American cities (pp. 229-245). New York, NY: Routledge.
Smith, R. (1998). Discovering stable racial integration. Journal of Urban Affairs, 20(1), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9906.1998.tb00407.x
Sugranyes, A. (2005). La política habitacional en Chile, 1980-2000: Un éxito liberal para dar techo a los pobres. En A. Rodríguez y A. Sugranyes (Eds.), Los con techo: Un desafío para la política de vivienda social (pp. 23-57). Santiago, Chile: Ediciones SUR.
Svampa, M. (2001). Los que ganaron. La vida en los countries y en los barrios privados. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Editorial Biblos.
Tach, L. (2009). More than bricks and mortar: Neighborhood frames, social processes, and the mixed?income redevelopment of a public housing project. City & Community, 8(3), 269-299. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6040.2009.01289.x
Talen, E. (2008). Design for diversity: Exploring socially mixed neighborhoods. Burlington, MA: Elsevier.
Uitermark, J. (2014). Integration and control: The governing of urban marginality in Western Europe. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 38(4), 1418–1436. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12069
Van Ham, M. y Manley, D. (2010). The effect of neighbourhood housing tenure mix on labour market outcomes: A longitudinal investigation of neighbourhood effects. Journal of Economic Geography, 10(2), 257-282. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbp017
Vischer, J. (1986a). Social mix and environmental design: Exploration of a contemporary concept. Journal of Architectural and Planning Research, 3(4), 315-326. Recuperado de https://www.jstor.org/stable/43028820
Vischer, J. (1986b). The complexity of designing for social mix: An evaluation of site-planning principles. Journal of Architectural and Planning Research, 3(1), 15-32. Recuperado de https://www.jstor.org/stable/43028785
Wacquant, L. (1997). Three pernicious premises in the study of the American ghetto. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 21(2), 341-353. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.00076
Wirth, L. (1927). The ghetto. American Journal of Sociology, 33(1), 57-71. https://doi.org/10.1086/214333
Twitter
Facebook
